Module 5: Malware Types 🐛

Malware is short for malicious software. It’s designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to systems. Attackers use malware to steal data, extort money, or sabotage operations.

Common Types of Malware

• Viruses: Attach themselves to files or programs and spread when those files are shared.
  Example: A virus hidden in a document that infects your system when opened.
• Worms: Self‑replicating programs that spread across networks without user action.
  Example: A worm exploiting a network vulnerability to infect multiple machines.
• Trojans: Disguised as legitimate software but secretly perform malicious actions.
  Example: A fake “free game” that installs spyware.
• Ransomware: Encrypts files and demands payment to restore access.
  Example: WannaCry ransomware locking hospital systems worldwide.
• Spyware: Secretly monitors user activity and steals information.
  Example: Keyloggers that capture passwords and keystrokes.
• Adware: Displays unwanted ads, sometimes bundled with spyware.
  Example: Pop‑ups that redirect users to malicious sites.
• Rootkits: Hide deep in the system to give attackers persistent, hidden access.
  Example: Rootkits that disable antivirus detection.

Defense Strategies

• Keep operating systems and software updated.
• Use antivirus and anti‑malware tools.
• Avoid downloading files from untrusted sources.
• Regularly back up important data.
• Train users to recognize suspicious links and attachments.

Real‑World Examples

• Stuxnet Worm (2010): Targeted industrial control systems, showing how malware can be used for cyber warfare.
• CryptoLocker (2013): Early ransomware that encrypted files and demanded Bitcoin payments.

📌 Key Takeaways

• Malware comes in many forms, each with unique methods of attack.
• Understanding types of malware helps in recognizing and preventing them.
• Strong defenses and awareness are critical to reducing risk.

Quiz